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A.John Wycliffe was born, 1329, in the northeast of England, near Richmond, Yorkshire. As a son of the fourteenth century, he was "born unto trouble as the sparks fly upward". The Medieval world was dying. And its death would be violent for prince, priest, and peasant alike.
1.International conflict raged, with England and France vying for European supremacy in the "100 years war", which lasted--off and on--from 1337 to 1453.
2.This war, of course, was financed by taxes. And the taxes were ultimately paid by the poor. Thus, the long, bloody war greatly impoverished an already strapped peasantry. This injustice, as might be expected stirred resentment among the lower classes. And the resentful always look for a savior, no matter how outlandish his promises. The poor English, alas, turned to the scandalous priest, John Ball, and his secular associate Wat Tyler. In 1381, they led a month-long "peasants revolt" It was brutally suppressed. Ball and Tyler were executed. And the working man, as usual, found himself worse-off than before.
3.With no hope of worldly comfort, at least the peasant could turn to his church with the hope of finding spiritual consolation. Or could he? Sadly, he could not. For the English Church was in a deplorable condition, from top to bottom. Beginning at the bottom, note:
a.The Franciscan Friars. This order was begun by Francis of Asisi about 100 years before. Its early goals were laudable. The Friars were to wander from place to place preaching the Gospel and collecting funds for the poor. By the birth of Wycliffe, however, this shining ideal was a bit tarnished.
(1)Being largely ignorant men, the friars did not preach the Gospel, but mixed up the stories of the Bible with the most outlandish fairy tales. One especially ugly example will do. It was commonly taught that when a unbaptized child died in infancy, his soul would go into the body of a firefly. This is worse than preposterous. It is downright mean. For it was an age of high infant mortality. And can you imagine the anguish a bereaved mother would feel at the sight of a firefly, which, at night, were everywhere to be seen! Wondering, every night, if the passing bug were her beloved son or daughter.
(2)If their preaching was bad, their other official duties were worse. Most offensive among them was the selling of papal indulgences. For a sizable contribution, a man could literally "buy off God". He could commit a sin, never repent of it, and die happily, as long as this piece of paper were in his pocket. Through the sale of these indulgences, the friars became incredibly wealthy. They also got deceased loved ones out of purgatory for a price.
(3)Their character, as a rule, corresponded to their work. Being "mendicant", they did not work for a living, but only begged from the peasants much poorer than themselves. They often lived most scandalously, frequenting, not chapels and hospitals, but bars and brothels.
(4)The troubled church-goer, therefore, could not look to the Friar for help.
b.The monks were no better. The monkish orders also began with high ideals. They hoped to withdraw from the world to better know God and escape sin. The monasteries were typically entered upon a vow of poverty and celibacy. By Wycliffe's day, however, the oaths had become a laughingstock.
(1)In a half-starved land, they feasted day and night, often becoming obese. "Fat monk" was daily heard among the common folk.
(2)Forbidden to marry, they fulfilled their sexual desires in other ways, often keeping concubines. And worse. Sodomy and bestiality were commonly practiced, sometimes openly and without shame.
(3)And so, the heavy-hearted man could not turn to the monks for help either.
c.The parish priests were even worse. Because they were exposed to public scrutiny more than the monks, they had to practice more discretion. But even they were marked for vice. They often had the women who came to them for confession. They also kept families on the sly. But worst of all was their gross ignorance and idolatry.
(1)Usually illiterate, they were unable to "shepherd their flocks" according to the will of their heavenly "Overshepherd".
(2)But they produced great devotion to objects of every sort; relics, crosses, images of Mary, and especially, the Mass. They led their peoples, therefore, into "worshipping and serving the creature, more than the Creator".
(3)Thus, the sin-sick soul could not turn to his priest for relief.
d.The Pope was worst of all.
(1)In our last lecture, I enumerated some of the papacy's most glaring vices. The average Medieval pope lived like an Oriental despot. He lived in unheard-of splendor. Enjoyed a harem. Plotted against kings. Murdered his enemies. Waged war against heretics. Marched on the Holy Land. Sent children of a hopeless crusade.
(2)But by the fourteenth century, things had become even worse. For, while continuing in all of these vices, another was added. Two men claimed Peter's throne. And both, speaking ex cathedra, excommunicated the other from the church and consigned the souls to hell.
(3)And so, not even the pope could be looked to as a guide to sorrowing souls.
e.The Established Church, therefore, was in ruins. The one institution which held the average person's world together was disintegrating before his very eyes. And so, fourteenth-century Europe was a bad place to live.
4.But the worst--believe it or not--is yet to come. The bubonic plague, elsewhere called "the black death" was yet to ravage Europe.
a.It began in the east, 1347. Within a year it had reached the western boundary, England. In its wake, it left between 1/3 and 1/2 of the population dead. In many villages, the dead outnumbered the living. No family was spared. Indeed, one English church had six pastors in five years. It was commonly believed, by peasant and scholar alike, that the end of the world had come.
B.And so, this was the world in which John Wycliffe was born, lived, and died. A brutal world. An earth pocked by little graves. A people stumbling in spiritual darkness.
1.But by God's grace, Wycliffe left the world a better place than he had found it. For though he never discovered the cure for the bubonic plague, he found something better--a cure for the blackest death of all.
A.John Wycliffe was an intellectual prodigy. Sent to Oxford and 16, he soon became its leading thinker. This is all the more impressive when you note that Oxford had just eclipsed Paris as the leading university in Europe. Wycliffe, therefore, was considered the most learned man in Christendom. As a student, Wycliffe came under the influence of two great men:
1.Robert Grosetete, Bishop of Lincoln. This good man exposed the moral abuses in the church, causing young Wycliffe to see through much pious hypocrisy and detest all vice covered by clerical garments.
2.But more importantly, there was Thomas Bradwardine, called "Doctor Profundis". This great man had been brought up to believe all the doctrines then taught in the church. But, by reading the Bible and St. Augustine, he discovered that the church was not only morally stained, but doctrinally unsound. And so, he began denouncing every kind of "salvation by works" scheme. He went on to preach, with great power, the truth Augustine had found in Paul, and Paul in Christ, i.e., "Salvation is by grace, through faith, and not of works".
3.This new-found system of thought electified the young scholar's mind...but nothing more, at least for now.
4.For it was not until 1348, two years into his college career, that Wycliffe received the truth in more than an intellectual way. It was precipitated by, as you might guess the arrival of "the plague".
5.With half of his associates dying, young John had to ask himself if he was ready to die. Though moral and religious, he found himself terrified of death. And so, he locked himself in his room and begged God to show him the way. This He did, by directing him to Scripture.
6.And the Scripture taught Wycliffe, like Luther to come, that we do not save ourselves by good works; but God saves us by Christ through faith. He later described his discovery like this:
a."Trust wholly in Christ, rely altogether on His sufferin; beware of seeking to be justified in any other way than by his righeousness. Faith in our Lord Jesus Christ is sufficient for our salvation. There must be atonement made for sin according to the righteousness of God. The person to make this atonement must be God and man."
B.Thus, at about 18-19 years of age, John Wycliffe became a convert to the Scripture and the One who authored it. And from that day hence, he devoted his great powers to furthering the cause of Chirst and His word.
C.He was first called to defend his king and nation against the claims of the Vatican.
1.The Pope claimed to literally "own" England. Its kings, therefore, only "leased" it from the Pontiff, and accordingly owed him rent. A papal tax of 1,000 marks was levied upon the king, and, of course, his subjects.
2.Such presumption enflamed Wycliffe. His writings inspired the members of Parliament to defy the pope's orders, and answer his claims. Some of the recorded speeches include:
a."He only is entitled to secular tribute who legitimately exercises secular rule and is able to give secular protection. The pope cannot legitimately do either; he is a minister of the Gospel, not a temporal ruler. His duty is to give spiritual counsel, not corporal protection. Let us see that he abide within the limits of his spiritual office, where we shall obey him; but if he shall transgress these limits, he must take the consequences."
b.Another said, "The pope calls himself the servant of the servants of God. Very well; he can claim recompense only for services done. But where are the services he renders this land? Does he minister to us in things spiritual? Does he help us in temporals? Does he not rather greedily drain our treasures, and often for the benefit of our enemies?"
c.A third baron declared, "Pope Urban tells us that all kingdoms are Christ's, and that he as vicar holds England for Christ; but as the pope is peccable, and may abuse his trust, it appears to me that it were better that we should hold our land directly and alone of Christ."
3.What these men were getting at--however imperfectly--is this: only Christ is sovereign. He administers His sovereignty, not through a church, but through His Divinely-appointed institutions, i.e., family, church, and state. No one institution, therefore, can claim jurisdiction over another, for only Christ is "Lord of all".
4.The implications of this idea are enormous. It divides power and prevents totalitarianism of every kind. It forbids the church to meddle with politics. It forbids the state from meddling with religion. It keeps both state and church from meddling with the family.
5.Wycliffe's idea, therefore, is the very foundation for the religious and civil liberties we presently enjoy--and are so quickly losing!
6.This doctrine received widespread support, among both Christian and patriots. By the way, these two categories (as we shall soon see) are not interchangable.
D.He next attacked the clergy for its obvious abuse of their trust. No one was spared, but the Friars were his favorite target.
1.He denounced them with the loudest voice. "Their lips are full of lies and their hands, full of blood; They entered houses and led women astray; they lived in idleness and they devoured England." But not to worry--he was just warming up--"They are the tail of the dragon, ravening wolves, the sons of Satan, the emissaries of anti-Christ and Luciferians...they are worse that Herod, Saul, and Judas."
2.On what was supposed to be his deathbed, several friars came to visit him, urging him to recant of his opinions. He would not. In fact, he said. "I will not die, but live to tell of the evil deeds of the friars".
3.This too was a highly popular opinion, shared by good men and bad alike. Geoffrey Chaucer, an obviously wicked man, agreed with Wycliffe entirely, calling the friars "thieves, drunkards, and whoremongers" among other things.
E.But Wycliffe was anything but a demagogue, telling people what they wanted to hear. For finally, he attacked, not only the abuses of Catholicism, but cut out its very heart. As he grew older and wiser, he denounced the Mass.
1."There has never been a heresy more cunningly smuggled into the church than transubstantiation. It is contrary to Scripture, unsupported by early church tradition, plainly opposed to the testimony of the senses, and based upon false reasoning...It is essentially idolatrous, and produces arrogant priestly claims without warrant in Scripture...It is a blasphemous deceit...it is a veritable abomination of desolation in the holy place."
2.This met with little popular support. The nobility and peasantry alike were horrified. Even John of Gaunt, his life-long friend and patron deserted him over the Mass.
3.Without patronage, he was exposed to the wrath of the Church. Archbishop Courtney, an old enemy had him expelled from the university, and would have had his head, had not a strange combnation of events occurred.
F.But the expulsion from his beloved academic life did not render him useless. It only opened the door to his greatest work.
1.He moved to Lutterworth where he entered the pastorate of a small church. Here he taught the people in their own language and saw more than a few converted and strengthened in the faith.
2.But best of all, he translated the Bible into English. And so, for the first time, a common Englishman could "Search the Scriptures and see if what he heard was so".
G.But he didn't chain the English Scripture to a pulpit, waiting for sinners to come and read it.
1.He appointed young men, "mighty is Scripture and fervent in spirit" to take that word to the ordinary man. They were called "poor priests" or "Lollards". They enjoyed remarkable success, for they discovered, like their Savior before them, "the common people heard them gladly".
2.Their sermons were revolutionary for several reasons:
a.They were expositions of Scripture itself, rather than mere observations related to Scripture.
b.The sermons were simple and the interpretations plain. This was radically different from what the people were used to.
(1)One of the early church fathers, Origin, developed a three-fold interpreation of Scripture. Every Scripture, in other words, has three meanings. The casual student can only gain the literal meaning. The more careful reader may discern the moral implications. But only the true initiate can find the allegorical meaning, which, of course, is the Scripture at its pinnacle.
(2)Catholicism, as a rule, followed Origin, leading men to preach the most ingenious and startling sermons, which rarely had anything to do with the meaning God had intended for the passage.
(3)But the Wycliffites gave their hearers plain Scripture, unadorned by clever spiritualizing.
c.The sermons were evangelistic. They did not merely lecture on religious themes or offer a running commentary of Scripture. They pleaded with men to believe and be saved.
(1)"Lift up, wretches, the eyes of your soul and behold Him that no spot of sin was in, what pain he suffered for sin of man..."
d.The sermons were sincere. Wycliffe counselled his preachers to preach with integrity, i.e.,
(1)"If the soul does not harmonize with the words, how can the words have power? If love is wanting in thee, thou art but sounding brass and tinkling cymbal. The sermon should be pointed, but not bitter."
e.The sermons were preached in dependence upon the Holy Spirit.
(1)"Almighty God, help now by gifts of Thy Spirit thy poor servants, who have all their lives been cowards, and make them strong and bold in thy cause, to maintain thy cause against anti-christ and the tyrants of this world."
H.The effects of this preaching (both by Wycliffe and his followers) was astounding.
1.Numerically, the Lollards multiplied like the Hebrews in Egypt. Within a generation of his death, Wycliffe's disciples filled the land. One foe of evangelical religion bitterly complained, "If you meet two men on the road, one will be a Lollard".
2.Spiritually, the Lollards achieved a high degree of success. John Foxe, who lived during the heady days of the Reformation, looked back fondly to the earlier century, calling it "a better time than the present".
3.Geographically, the Lollards (and their doctrines) spread like wildfire throughout Europe, leading to powerful movements especially in Bohemia (under Huss) and Prague (with Jerome). Finally, it set the stage for the Reformation. For Luther's "new" doctrines were--in fact--little more than a repitition of the truth Wycliffe had so long before espoused.
a.John Wycliffe, therefore, has been rightly called "The Morning Star of the Reformation".
I.After a few profitable years in his Lutterworth ministry, the great Wycliffe "slept in Jesus", aged 55 years. Some forty years after his death, however, he was officially condemned as a heretic by the Pope. For his "crimes", his bones were dug up, burned, and cast into a nearby stream. This stream, of course, flowed into a river, which in turn, flowed in a second river, and then into a third, which finally emptied into the ocean. A historian thought this well illustrated how Wycliffe's doctrine was to be carried to the furtherest corners of the earth.
III.But by the fourteenth century, things had become even worse. For, while continuing in all of these vices, another was added. Two men claimed Peter's throne. And both, speaking ex cathedra, excommunicated the other from the church and consigned the souls to hell.(1)And so, not even the pope could be looked to as a guide to sorrowing souls.
a.The Established Church, therefore, was in ruins. The one institution which held the average person's world together was disintegrating before his very eyes. And so, fourteenth-century Europe was a bad place to live.
1.But the worst--believe it or not--is yet to come. The bubonic plague, elsewhere called "the black death" was yet to ravage Europe.
a.It began in the east, 1347. Within a year it had reached the western boundary, England. In its wake, it left between 1/3 and 1/2 of the population dead. In many villages, the dead outnumbered the living. No family was spared. Indeed, one English church had six pastors in five years. It was commonly believed, by peasant and scholar alike, that the end of the world had come.
A.And so, this was the world in which John Wycliffe was born, lived, and died. A brutal world. An earth pocked by little graves. A people stumbling in spiritual darkness.
1.But by God's grace, Wycliffe left the world a better place than he had found it. For though he never discovered the cure for the bubonic plague, he found something better--a cure for the blackest death of all.
A.John Wycliffe was an intellectual prodigy. Sent to Oxford and 16, he soon became its leading thinker. This is all the more impressive when you note that Oxford had just eclipsed Paris as the leading university in Europe. Wycliffe, therefore, was considered the most learned man in Christendom. As a student, Wycliffe came under the influence of two great men:
1.Robert Grosetete, Bishop of Lincoln. This good man exposed the moral abuses in the church, causing young Wycliffe to see through much pious hypocrisy and detest all vice covered by clerical garments.
2.But more importantly, there was Thomas Bradwardine, called "Doctor Profundis". This great man had been brought up to believe all the doctrines then taught in the church. But, by reading the Bible and St. Augustine, he discovered that the church was not only morally stained, but doctrinally unsound. And so, he began denouncing every kind of "salvation by works" scheme. He went on to preach, with great power, the truth Augustine had found in Paul, and Paul in Christ, i.e., "Salvation is by grace, through faith, and not of works".
3.This new-found system of thought electified the young scholar's mind...but nothing more, at least for now.
4.For it was not until 1348, two years into his college career, that Wycliffe received the truth in more than an intellectual way. It was precipitated by, as you might guess the arrival of "the plague".
5.With half of his associates dying, young John had to ask himself if he was ready to die. Though moral and religious, he found himself terrified of death. And so, he locked himself in his room and begged God to show him the way. This He did, by directing him to Scripture.
6.And the Scripture taught Wycliffe, like Luther to come, that we do not save ourselves by good works; but God saves us by Christ through faith. He later described his discovery like this:
a."Trust wholly in Christ, rely altogether on His sufferin; beware of seeking to be justified in any other way than by his righeousness. Faith in our Lord Jesus Christ is sufficient for our salvation. There must be atonement made for sin according to the righteousness of God. The person to make this atonement must be God and man."
B.Thus, at about 18-19 years of age, John Wycliffe became a convert to the Scripture and the One who authored it. And from that day hence, he devoted his great powers to furthering the cause of Chirst and His word.
C.He was first called to defend his king and nation against the claims of the Vatican.
1.The Pope claimed to literally "own" England. Its kings, therefore, only "leased" it from the Pontiff, and accordingly owed him rent. A papal tax of 1,000 marks was levied upon the king, and, of course, his subjects.
2.Such presumption enflamed Wycliffe. His writings inspired the members of Parliament to defy the pope's orders, and answer his claims. Some of the recorded speeches include:
a."He only is entitled to secular tribute who legitimately exercises secular rule and is able to give secular protection. The pope cannot legitimately do either; he is a minister of the Gospel, not a temporal ruler. His duty is to give spiritual counsel, not corporal protection. Let us see that he abide within the limits of his spiritual office, where we shall obey him; but if he shall transgress these limits, he must take the consequences."
b.Another said, "The pope calls himself the servant of the servants of God. Very well; he can claim recompense only for services done. But where are the services he renders this land? Does he minister to us in things spiritual? Does he help us in temporals? Does he not rather greedily drain our treasures, and often for the benefit of our enemies?"
c.A third baron declared, "Pope Urban tells us that all kingdoms are Christ's, and that he as vicar holds England for Christ; but as the pope is peccable, and may abuse his trust, it appears to me that it were better that we should hold our land directly and alone of Christ."
3.What these men were getting at--however imperfectly--is this: only Christ is sovereign. He administers His sovereignty, not through a church, but through His Divinely-appointed institutions, i.e., family, church, and state. No one institution, therefore, can claim jurisdiction over another, for only Christ is "Lord of all".
4.The implications of this idea are enormous. It divides power and prevents totalitarianism of every kind. It forbids the church to meddle with politics. It forbids the state from meddling with religion. It keeps both state and church from meddling with the family.
5.Wycliffe's idea, therefore, is the very foundation for the religious and civil liberties we presently enjoy--and are so quickly losing!
6.This doctrine received widespread support, among both Christian and patriots. By the way, these two categories (as we shall soon see) are not interchangable.
D.He next attacked the clergy for its obvious abuse of their trust. No one was spared, but the Friars were his favorite target.
1.He denounced them with the loudest voice. "Their lips are full of lies and their hands, full of blood; They entered houses and led women astray; they lived in idleness and they devoured England." But not to worry--he was just warming up--"They are the tail of the dragon, ravening wolves, the sons of Satan, the emissaries of anti-Christ and Luciferians...they are worse that Herod, Saul, and Judas."
2.On what was supposed to be his deathbed, several friars came to visit him, urging him to recant of his opinions. He would not. In fact, he said. "I will not die, but live to tell of the evil deeds of the friars".
3.This too was a highly popular opinion, shared by good men and bad alike. Geoffrey Chaucer, an obviously wicked man, agreed with Wycliffe entirely, calling the friars "thieves, drunkards, and whoremongers" among other things.
E.But Wycliffe was anything but a demagogue, telling people what they wanted to hear. For finally, he attacked, not only the abuses of Catholicism, but cut out its very heart. As he grew older and wiser, he denounced the Mass.
1."There has never been a heresy more cunningly smuggled into the church than transubstantiation. It is contrary to Scripture, unsupported by early church tradition, plainly opposed to the testimony of the senses, and based upon false reasoning...It is essentially idolatrous, and produces arrogant priestly claims without warrant in Scripture...It is a blasphemous deceit...it is a veritable abomination of desolation in the holy place."
2.This met with little popular support. The nobility and peasantry alike were horrified. Even John of Gaunt, his life-long friend and patron deserted him over the Mass.
3.Without patronage, he was exposed to the wrath of the Church. Archbishop Courtney, an old enemy had him expelled from the university, and would have had his head, had not a strange combnation of events occurred.
F.But the expulsion from his beloved academic life did not render him useless. It only opened the door to his greatest work.
1.He moved to Lutterworth where he entered the pastorate of a small church. Here he taught the people in their own language and saw more than a few converted and strengthened in the faith.
2.But best of all, he translated the Bible into English. And so, for the first time, a common Englishman could "Search the Scriptures and see if what he heard was so".
G.But he didn't chain the English Scripture to a pulpit, waiting for sinners to come and read it.
1.He appointed young men, "mighty is Scripture and fervent in spirit" to take that word to the ordinary man. They were called "poor priests" or "Lollards". They enjoyed remarkable success, for they discovered, like their Savior before them, "the common people heard them gladly".
2.Their sermons were revolutionary for several reasons:
a.They were expositions of Scripture itself, rather than mere observations related to Scripture.
b.The sermons were simple and the interpretations plain. This was radically different from what the people were used to.
(1)One of the early church fathers, Origin, developed a three-fold interpreation of Scripture. Every Scripture, in other words, has three meanings. The casual student can only gain the literal meaning. The more careful reader may discern the moral implications. But only the true initiate can find the allegorical meaning, which, of course, is the Scripture at its pinnacle.
(2)Catholicism, as a rule, followed Origin, leading men to preach the most ingenious and startling sermons, which rarely had anything to do with the meaning God had intended for the passage.
(3)But the Wycliffites gave their hearers plain Scripture, unadorned by clever spiritualizing.
c.The sermons were evangelistic. They did not merely lecture on religious themes or offer a running commentary of Scripture. They pleaded with men to believe and be saved.
(1)"Lift up, wretches, the eyes of your soul and behold Him that no spot of sin was in, what pain he suffered for sin of man..."
d.The sermons were sincere. Wycliffe counselled his preachers to preach with integrity, i.e.,
(1)"If the soul does not harmonize with the words, how can the words have power? If love is wanting in thee, thou art but sounding brass and tinkling cymbal. The sermon should be pointed, but not bitter."
e.The sermons were preached in dependence upon the Holy Spirit.
(1)"Almighty God, help now by gifts of Thy Spirit thy poor servants, who have all their lives been cowards, and make them strong and bold in thy cause, to maintain thy cause against anti-christ and the tyrants of this world."
H.The effects of this preaching (both by Wycliffe and his followers) was astounding.
1.Numerically, the Lollards multiplied like the Hebrews in Egypt. Within a generation of his death, Wycliffe's disciples filled the land. One foe of evangelical religion bitterly complained, "If you meet two men on the road, one will be a Lollard".
2.Spiritually, the Lollards achieved a high degree of success. John Foxe, who lived during the heady days of the Reformation, looked back fondly to the earlier century, calling it "a better time than the present".
3.Geographically, the Lollards (and their doctrines) spread like wildfire throughout Europe, leading to powerful movements especially in Bohemia (under Huss) and Prague (with Jerome). Finally, it set the stage for the Reformation. For Luther's "new" doctrines were--in fact--little more than a repitition of the truth Wycliffe had so long before espoused.
A.What was the essence of Wycliffism? What was the secret of his success? Simply one thing: a complete, whole-hearted trust in the Scripture and the One who stands behind it.
B.If, therefore, we would profit from this man's life, we must become "A people of One Book". We must systematically and carefully read that Book. We must heartily concur with that Book. We must implement that Book into our lives in every aspect, devotionally, domestically, vocationally, recreationally, and politically. We must base all of our decisions upon it. We must form all of our opinions from it. We must live all of our lives in it. For it, and it alone, can,
"thoroughly furnish a man unto
A.What was the essence of Wycliffism? What was the secret of his success? Simply one thing: a complete, whole-hearted trust in the Scripture and the One who stands behind it.
B.If, therefore, we would profit from this man's life, we must become "A people of One Book". We must systematically and carefully read that Book. We must heartily concur with that Book. We must implement that Book into our lives in every aspect, devotionally, domestically, vocationally, recreationally, and politically. We must base all of our decisions upon it. We must form all of our opinions from it. We must live all of our lives in it. For it, and it alone, can,
"thoroughly furnish a man unto
every good work".
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